Human Resource Management ( Hr ) - 1550 Words

Human Resource Management (HR) acts to serve a function which is aimed at maximizing the overall performance of a business and its employees in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims and objectives and competitive advantage of an organisation.† (Hartel, Fujimoto, Strybosch Fitzpatrick, 2006). After all, the key characteristic of HR is ‘integration.’ The role of HR and HR Professionals can be linked to four main SHRM theories which will be discussed below: According to the first theory- Jackson Schuler’s theory; â€Å"a variety of macro-level environmental characteristics influence the adoption of particular organisational HR practices, policies and philosophies.† (Hartel, Fujimoto, Strybosch Fitzpatrick, 2006). Therefore macro-level environmental factors such as: laws and regulations, politics and culture all need to be considered by the HR department or HR Professionals as these factors will ultimately influence the organisation’s performance and overall success. Jackson and Schuler’s model also indicates how aspects such as the size of a business, the structure of a business, the strategy of a business, the technology of a business and the stage in a business’sShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hr )1499 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HR) is a function in an organisation aimed at maximizing employee performance in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic ob jectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims and objectives and competitive advantageRead MoreHuman Resource Management and Hr1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe report below sets out the importance of the HR function, explains how HR activities support the organisation’s strategy and ways HR support line managers and their staff. The HR Function is in a position to add value by proper formulation and implementations of the following activities and in turn support the organisation strategy. Recruitment and Selection Recruiting the wrong people can lead to a drop in productivity, lack of commitment, low morale, and rapid staff turnover, all of whichRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department1532 Words   |  7 Pages Although Human Resource Management did begin as a administrative job, advancements in technology has increased a business’s resources to the point of needing this department to take on a more strategic role. The HR Department is or all intend and purposes the center point for the employees needs ranging from - payroll, benefits, vacation, as well as staying up to date with the legal matters. The roles the HR department have always been aimed at meeting the needs of the employee, with a strategicRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hr Professionals1528 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch discussion about the issue of whether Human Resource (HR) roles can be integrated into the new position by the HR function in companies. Human Resource Management (HRM) can be defined as â€Å"a strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of the people working in organizations† (Armstrong, 2014, p.5). HR professionals’ works are regarded as emp loyee training, recruitment, personnel administrative, reward management, service delivery, and organizational performanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department955 Words   |  4 PagesHuman resource management is the key to a business that runs smoothly and efficiently. The people that run the HR department have to be knowledgeable in many capacities such as interviewing, training, accounting, and ensuring that everyone is performing their job duties in a high quality way. Recruitment of personnel is one of the main things that most think of when they hear human resource management. You can be guaranteed that anyone earning a paycheck in the building has gone through theRead MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 PagesHR in the 21st century Introduction: As the business world journeyed into the 21st century, the traditional ways of handling many business aspects slowly drifted away. This â€Å"turn-of-the-century† brought a whole new way of how businesses operate and the departments within. These new ways of the business include the prominence of technology, the ongoing fight for diversity in the workplace, and expansion on globalization. Because these changes also effect the employees within the workplace, thisRead MoreThe Hr Management : The Job Of Human Resource Management1146 Words   |  5 Pages1a.Personnel management is an administrative function of an organization that exists to provide the personnel needed for organizational activities and to manage the general employee-employer relationship Human resource management; The job of human resource management is to ensure that the organization has the human capital it needs to accomplish its goals. (Account management, 2009) KPMG; HR management 1.They make available the required training development any staff need right from recruitment 2Read MoreHr Philosophy : Human Resource Management2225 Words   |  9 PagesHR Management Philosophy â€Å"Human Resource Management is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer’s strategic objectives.† (HR Course Book (1)) Thus, â€Å"HR philosophy is basically the guiding principle behind how your HR function executes on its vision, mission and goals.† (Wikipedia) It is inclusive of recruiting, interviewing, job offering or hiring, benefits, training, retention, policy and procedures, and promotions of it’s human capitalRead MoreHr Issues : Human Resource And Senior Management2851 Words   |  12 PagesHR issues have been common in many organizations. Productivity is one of the recent issues that a certain organization is facing. The level of production matters a lot in all organizations (Eden, 2015). This is the main aspect that an organization focuses and aims to achieve in its daily operations. The organization has met challenges as it tries to sustain its performance. Productivity managem ent involves the process of monitoring and developing activities in an organization to ensure that thereRead MoreHuman Resources Department Is Responsible For Performing Hr Management Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe human-resources department is responsible for performing HR management. This includes overseeing numerous aspects of employment, such as compliance with labor laws, employee benefits, recruitment and retention just to name a few. According to APHSA (2016), there are four primary functions for which HR is responsible: Executing HR Administrative Functions; Developing Talent; Influencing Culture; and Influencing Direction. By executing HR admin functions the department; builds trust with administration

Isolation In Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis - 1145 Words

Secluded From It All! Have you ever had that feeling that you were all alone or isolated from society? Many people deal with this unconscious feeling everyday. Having to go about your life everyday with this thought can be very depressing and can often lead to death. Just like the many people in the world, the main character, Gregor Samsa, also felt this way. Isolation refers to the situation of being alone and/or without others around. Due to his transformation, Gregor was immediately isolated unlike his other family members who chose to be away from their problems in the world. Everyone in the Samsa family has their own reasons of why they chose to be isolated from society. Due to these choices, the entire Samsa family also undergo†¦show more content†¦Grete’s transformation had came to an end. She was no longer a teenager, restricted from the world and things she says, but was now a woman. She had now entered into adulthood and would not allow for the monstrosity to continue on any long er. Gregor’s father, Mr Samsa, didn’t have a job. As the head of a house typically they would have a job and be the ones providing for the family. In this case, Gregor was the head man of the house bringing in all of the money to pay back the familys built up debt. By refusing to go out into society and find a reasonable job, Mr. Samsa isolated himself. The book stated â€Å" His father was healthy but old, and lacking in self confidence† ( Kafka 15).Having a lack of self confidence can be very detrimental to anyone and for Mr. Samsa, old age combined with lack of self confidence will not get you anywhere in society. This is another reason as to why he has internally chosen isolation from society. Once Mr. Samsa did finally obtain a job, he showed how his identity in society would be perceived. â€Å" He was standing up straight enough now; dressed in a smart blue uniform with gold buttons, the sort worn by the employees at the bankingShow MoreRelatedEssay Isolatio n in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis867 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka’s clear isolation of Gregor underlines the families’ separation from society. In The Metamorphosis, Kafka emphasizes Gregor’s seclusion from his family. However, Gregor’s separation is involuntary unlike the family who isolates themselves by the choices they make. Each family member has characteristics separating them from society. These characteristics become more unraveling than Gregor, displaying the true isolation contained in The Metamorphosis. Grete’s isolation fromRead More Mental Isolation in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesMental Isolation in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis The metamorphosis very possibly was written by Kafka as an outlet for his feelings of isolation and helplessness. In it, the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, awakens one morning to find himself spontaneously transformed in his bed into a monstrous vermin. The story continues from there in a most realistic fashion: his family rejects him, and he stays cooped up in his room until he dies. Although interpretations of the story differ, my opinion isRead MoreThe Existential Isolation And Biopsychological Change1519 Words   |  7 PagesExistential Isolation and Biopsychological Change in The Metamorphosis and â€Å"Letter to my Father† by Franz Kafka and Unwelcome Visitors† by Tessa Farmer This literary and art analysis will define the correlation between the writings of Kafka and the installation art of Tessa Farmer’s in relation to the themes of existential isolation and biopsychological change. Gregor’s anxiety in The Metamorphosis is partially due to the alienation of society, which cases an existential period of isolation in whichRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1147 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Kim Professor Teresa McCarty AP Language 27 October 2015 The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka led a life filled with struggles, particularly evident in his relationship with his father. His experiences and feelings in life are manifested throughout his writings, as the themes in his life dominate the themes of his works, especially so in his novella, The Metamorphosis. Through his extended metaphor of Samsa as a vermin, Kafka illustrates the family dynamic present throughout his life, that of his familyRead MoreThe Metamorphosis Isolation Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka’s feelings of isolation throughout his life caused him to portray characters in his writing as outcasts as a result. The basis of Kafka’s novel The Metamorphosis is the effects of isolation on man and it’s impact on life. The use of modernism in Kafka’s writing was a reflection of the characteristic shift from the beauty and innocence of romanticism to the cold harsh reality of life after World War I. Kafka’s lifelong alienation intersects with his wor k where he draws on his personalRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gregor and Samsa Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence have evolved along with them. Among the literary pioneers who have explored the meaning and purpose of existence, Franz Kafka is one to be noted and studied. A follower of the existentialism movement, he made it a point explore existential philosophy in his literary works. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa is the parallel to Franz Kafka which is evident through the portrayal of their similar paternal relationships, ties to existentialism, and their inabilityRead MoreThe True Metamorphosis.. Franz Kafka Owns A Part Of The1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka owns a part of the human emotional spectrum, which the world can now call the Kafkaesque, a term for someone who exhibits nightmarish qualities of Kafka’s fictional world (Franz Kafka). Kafka’s twisted world is in no way pleasant, very Kafkaesque. It feels like a nightmare, and yet it is a place where many people, if only for a moment, will end up. Kafka’s most appreciated piece of literature, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† creates an extension of Kafka’s life throughRead MoreMetamorphosis Kafka Isolation Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesState of Isolation Societal isolation. It’s a condition that can affect anyone, regardless of their wealth or social class. It can affect the rich, the poor, the old, the young, anyone really. It is a timeless problem that has plagued society since the beginning. Franz Kafka’s book, The Metamorphosis, helps us answer the question of the causes and effects of societal isolation, and how societal isolation can affect the individual. The main character of Kafka’s book, The Metamorphosis, is a normalRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1544 Words   |  7 PagesFranz Kafka, struggled throughout his life with isolation, which is clearly a great influence and inspiration in his work, The Metamorphosis. Franz Kafka was born in 1883 to an upper middle class Jewish family in Prague. Kafka struggled with many problems in all facets of his life, most significantly in his his health, his relationships with the people in his life, and his relationship with work. Each of these problems contributed to his isolation, which is reflected in his character Gregor Samsa’sRead More Comparing Franz Kafka and Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesSimilarities between Franz Kafka and Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis It is unusual to say the least to open a book and the first line is about the main character waking up as a large insect. Most authors’ use symbolism to relate the theme of their work, not Franz Kafka. He uses a writing method that voids all aspects and elements of the story that defy interpretation. In doing this, he leaves a simple story that stands only for an objective view for his own thoughts and dreams. Kafka focuses

Mba Essay Sample Free Essays

MBA essay sample I came from a family who made constant use of street smarts to survive living in Nigeria. Both of my parents have not even finished secondary education. However, my hardworking mother never wanted the same fate for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Mba Essay Sample or any similar topic only for you Order Now She never dare imagine me as a mainstay in the sweltering, overpopulated streets of Lagos, in danger of becoming the next victim of violence. It is a city full of tribal and religious tensions, forever waiting to explode. Yet, this was where I had learned leadership and discipline. It was hard enough to live in a dangerous neighborhood, but to concentrate in my studies while helping my parents sell market goods during my free time seemed next to impossible. I made a game out of it, giving points to myself for everyday I was able to fulfill all my duties. If I had to add the points together and redeem them in a form of money, I would now be a very rich man. With points in my imaginary bank, I was able to get a college degree in Economics. This made sense to me because I had always been interested in supply and demand. My parents’ daily toil in the market awakened me to this idea since I was just a young boy. I was also interested in the idea of rewarding a job well done, as I used to do to myself. An Economics degree also made me understand how some countries could rise and fall. I want to be able to control the rise of a future business. Here in the United States, I worried more about social acceptance and understanding. I am, after all, a minority among minorities, a black Muslim. The dangers that I was exposed to back home had taught me how to put on a brave front. However, I realized there was no need to be afraid. Even though there were still people who would look at me curiously when I don my traditional Nigerian clothes, everything is almost perfect. I say almost perfect, because we are always still working toward perfection. I am now aiming to enroll into an MBA program, hoping that this will enhance whatever business skills I already have. I want to be able to create a safer environment, in which my parents can sell their goods. Maybe I can convince them to start a new business, aside from selling in a market stall. An MBA degree is a special tribute I give to my parents. My parents value education, though they were not so lucky to become fully educated. It is with gratitude that I turn to them, looking back to the day I received my Economics diploma. It is with hope that I face my future, hopefully with an MBA degree that can help not just myself but my beloved parents to survive their plight. How to cite Mba Essay Sample, Essays

Financing the Project and Availability of Financial Sources

Question: Discuss about the Availability of Financial Sources. Answer: Introduction Organization is comprised of several set of activities which are performed with a view to achieve certain level of goals and objectives. In order to run business process, a firm needs to deploy financial sources in determined approach. In this paper, a complete study has been prepared for the availability of financial sources, best suitability of financial option, risk and return associated with sources of finance. Financial management is accompanied with arranging and deploying the capital in company. There are several reasons for which a firm would need capital such as buying of assets, paying salary to its employees, expanding its business and making strategic alliance with other companies. Therefore, arrangement of financial sources is very crucial step which should be taken with utmost care and due diligence by the financial managers and other board members. This firm has been suffering with sources of funds in its business functioning. There are several options that could be ta ken into consideration by the CEO of company to raise capital for financing its project (De Visscher, 2016). Sources of financing With the increasing ramification of economical changes, a company could raise funds through several means. Nonetheless, the main concern in raising funds from the market is related with cost of capital. Sources offinance can be defined as ways or process through which a company could raise funds for its projects. Organization needs to evaluate all the possible sources offinance so that possible reduction in cost of capital could be made by electing particular financial source. There are different sources of finance which could be used by firm tofinance its particular project such as (Strange, et al. 2015). Issues of capital Capital of the firm is comprised of security financing, equity share, preference share and debentures. Share capital is the part of capital of firm which represents the ownership in company. It is identified that issues of shares by organization results into dilution in its ownership. Firm can come up with initial public offers or further public offer to raise funds from public. Nonetheless, in this offer company has to evaluate its different expenses and issuing cost (Floatation cost) then further steps are taken. Issue of share capital is the most suitable course of action for raising funds by firm. It is evaluated that firm has to consider several things before issues of shares such as brand image of company, gearing ratio, cost of issues of shares, shareholders expectation, dilution in shares, agreement with underwriter and market condition. Private placement This is also known as internal funding. In this process, all the project financing will be done by promoters or partners of the company. However, this process is mostly accepted when owners or partners in the firm are wealthy enough. Private placement is based on the agreement between partners and signifies how much contribution would be made by partners separately in firm for financing the chosen project (Stadelmann, et al. 2014). Issue of debts Debts are also known as bonds which are issued at certain percentage of interest rate to holders. Bond holders or debenture holders are liable to take the firm in dissolution procedure if their interest amount is not paid within time period or firm made default in payment of their capital in time. However, firm opt for this financing project when it is having good amount of profit and paying high amount tax. Interest on debts is the tax deductable expenses which are used by firm to save the tax expenses. As stated by Fraser, Bhaumik, Wright, (2015). It is reflected that management department of firm before issuing debts in market needs to evaluate the gearing ratio and capital structure. It is observed that interest amount is charged against profit. If firm is unable to pay the debt portion of debenture holders then they could fetch company in liquidation, dissolution or winding up procedure in significant approach (Fraser, Bhaumik Wright, 2015). Retained earning This is the amount of reserve which is created by firm from its profits throughout the time. Retained earnings are also known as distributable profit. Nonetheless, company or firm with the consent of its owners could plugged back its all retained earnings in its business functioning. This type of funding is comprised with less cost and reduces the cost of capital for the organization. This is the most suitable source of financing option which helps firm to reduce its overall cost of capital (Tarca, Morris Moy, 2013). Securitization Firm can also issues scriptures on the basis of its assets. This process is useful for converting non liquid assets into liquid assets. This is the best source of financing which provides money to organization by issuing shares on the basis of underlying assets. Ideally, in this source of finance is used by banks and financial institutions for raising funds on the basis of illiquid assets (Palley, 2013). Factoring It is the process which could be used by organization to sell of its debtors in the market. For instance, if firm is having $2 million as its debtors in its balance sheet which has longer life cycle. Then in this case, firm could sell of its debtors to banks and other financial institutions at certain discount. It helps firm to collect the money on instant basis (Jacob, et al 2016). Issue of employee stock option scheme It is observed that if firm is having a good amount of employees team then in order to align the interest of employees with the development of firm, shares are issued to employees. These are the shares, issued to employees especially at stipulated rate lower than the market price. This assists firm in managing funds and boosting relation with its employees in determined approach. Lease and hire purchasing Leasing is the process through which firm could take machinery and plants on installment without blocking big amount of money. In this program firm instead of blocking cash would go for buying plant and machinery on lease basis. This process is suitable as interest amount in lease installment is tax deductable which will help firm to reduce its tax payment amount. Government grants It is further evaluated that firm could also suggest its project proposal which is adopted in the public interest to government. If it is approved by government then firm could easily get grants from the government Venture capital financing In this option firm would enter into agreement with angle investor or incubators who are ready to take high risk for higher return. If firm thinks its adopted project is highly risky then it should go for financing its project through venture capitalists that are ready to take high risk for the higher return (Mina, Lahr Hughes, 2013). Longer operating cycle Operating cycle could be suggested as cycle to covert raw material into finished goods. Firm by purchasing raw material on credit terms and selling finished goods in market on cash term could easily use available cash funds in its business functioning. This is also known as prudent methods to block less capital in the business functioning of organization (Hughes, 2014). Overdraft It is the small amount of loan which is taken by firm for a short time period. Ideally, it could be defined as facility provided by banks to its customers to withdraw money more than their limit. However, it is given for certain level of amount and for limited period which vary according to clients (Lee, Sameen, Cowling, 2015). There are several sources of finance which is available for the firm. It is also evaluated that company has to manage its resources accordingly. It should opt for sources of finance which provide less cost of capital for the organization. As per the perception of Swinnen Maertens, 2014 it is divulged that if company is having less cost of capital then it would result into higher return to company. Now it would be inferred that if an organization wants to raise capital from the market then it should consider following factors such as cost of capital, availability of funds, market condition, capital structure and gearing ratio. CEO and financial manager of company are the key managerial persons who evaluate the project financing to finance its particular project. It is further evaluated that capital budgeting is an important tools which helps financial managers to make investment decision in particular projects (Swinnen Maertens, 2014). In case if company does not have any retained earnings and want to finance its project Retained earnings are the amount of distributable profit which is collected amount of profit which is accumulated by company from all years earning throughout the time. If firm finance its project from its retained earnings then it would be called plugging back. In this case it is divulged that firm does not have any retained earning then firm could have other several options as per its choices (Demirel Parris, 2015). Issues of shares If firm does not have any retained earnings and wants to finance its project then it could come up with initial public offers and further public offers to public. According to Micale Oliver, 2015 issue of share in market is comprised of several costs such as flotation cost, hiring underwriters and amount of dividend. Shareholders who provide money to company can never ask to get back their invested money until and unless firm goes in dissolution. Therefore, firm should consider whether cash inflow from the particular project is more than cost of equity or not. In addition, firm should also evaluate its capital structure to identify whether if firm issues more share in market would result into loss of business control. Promoters of firm should ideally issues share in market up to 49% of total share capital otherwise it will result into acquisition of firm by some other persons (Micale Oliver, 2015). Issues of debts Debts are the document which is issued to debt holders for the capital amount. Financial managers of firm could raise capital from banks, financial institution and other authorized institutions for arranging finance for the firm. It is further evaluated that if firm does not pay its debts amount in time then debt holders could fetch firm in winding up or liquidation. As stated by Casey O'Toole, 2014 it is considered that interest on debts is charged against profit and tax deductable as well. Firm by using debt portion for financing its project could save tax amount. Firm also need to evaluate the risk of financial leverage while issuing debts to public. In case if earning of firm is highly fluctuated and there is high amount of interest payment then company should no issues debts to general public. Issues of debts would only be recommended when company is having good amount of profit on consistent basis. If company has high fixed cost and less earning then it will depict that compan y is having high financial leverage risk. This risk reflects that company is having hurdles in covering its financial cost. The main imperative factor in this case would be that the cost of debts for firm would be less as compare to cost of equity (Casey O'Toole, 2014) Firms choice of action After analyzing all the pros and cons of issues of shares and debts of company it could be said that if company is having less gearing ratio then it should go for issues of debts. As per the views of Bhattacharya, Londhe, 2014 it is revealed that in case if company is having high gearing ratio then in order to establish good equilibrium between shares and debts firm should go for issues of shares. This option has been suggested because cost of equity is comprised of several costs which put hard burden on the company and decrease the profit earning capacity of firm. On the other hand issue of debts would result into tax saving and less interest payment to debt holders as compare to availability of return to shareholders. Now it could be concluded that if firm is having adequate gearing ratio then it would go for issue of debts in market for raising finance. On the other hand if firm is having less profit earning capacity then in this case firm should issues shares in market for raisi ng finance (Bhattacharya, Londhe, 2014) Cost associated for raising finance Lets just understand with the example that if company issue shares valued at $10 million to public then it would comprise have cost Cost for issues of shares = floating cost( 1%* $1,00,00,000)+ return to shareholders (15%*$ 1,00,00,000) and other expenses ($10,000) $ 16, 15,000 If firm issues debts in the market for raising $10 million to public then it would comprised of cost Cost for issues of debentures = paper work cost (.5%* $1, 00, 00,000) + interest to bondholders (11%*$ 1, 00, 00,000) and other expenses ($10,000) $ 11, 60,000 Risk involved in Opting particular source of finance Risk could be defined as uncertain event or possibility of unfavorable situation for the organization. Risk and return are interrelated to each other and should be handled or managed by organization in significant approach. Risk could be defined as beta in financial term. In order to raise capital from the market firm has to face several risks. As per the perception of Palley, 2013), it is found that if company issues shares in the market then it would result into less risk for the organization comparatively. This firm could identify the level of risk by calculating gearing ratio (Charya, et al. 2017). This ratio divulges the relation between debts and equity of the company. In addition, firm could evaluate how well company could bear fixed cost from its earned profit in particular year. According to Elyasiani, Mester, Pagano, 2014 it is considered that if company is having low amount of profit which is less than its financial cost. In this case, all the creditors and other lenders could fetch firm in liquidation or winding procedure if their money is not paid within stipulated time. In addition, Interest is charged against the profit which is to be covered by firm from its yearly earning otherwise it would result into destruction of business image in the minds of stakeholders (Elyasiani, Mester, Pagano, 2014). If firm goes for issuing equity shares then it would result into higher cost of capital and would decrease the efficiency of firm in profit earning. Both options are accompanied with different risks. Therefore in order to minimize risk firm could go for electing mix options. In this case, firm would take 50% of project financing from issues of debts and 50% from issues of shares in market. It is considered that all options have its own pros and cons. It is up to management department how to minimize them in effective manner. Conclusion In this paper a complete adamantine study has been prepared over the financial sources availability. There are several sources from which a firm could raise capital for financing its project. Firm should consider its own capital structure before electing in particular sources of finance. There are several factors that should be considered by firm such as cost of capital, return on capital, and nature of business, capital structure, tenure of payment and terms and conditions of lenders. It is evaluated that a good financial manager could easily determine which option is best for its firm. If he has chosen wrong source of finance then it would result into winding up or dismissals of firm. Now in the end it could be inferred that firm should evaluate all the sources of finance and then should use it accordingly for financing its project. References Bhattacharya, S., Londhe, B. R. (2014). Micro Entrepreneurship: Sources of Finance Related Constraints.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, 775-783. Casey, E., O'Toole, C. M. (2014). Bank lending constraints, trade credit and alternative financing during the financial crisis: Evidence from European SMEs.Journal of Corporate Finance,27, 173-193. Charya, V. V., Pedersen, L. H., Philippon, T., Richardson, M. (2017). Measuring systemic risk.Review of Financial Studies,30(1), 2-47 De Visscher, F. M. (2016).Financing transitions: Managing capital and liquidity in the family business. Springe Demirel, P., Parris, S. (2015). Access to finance for innovators in the UK's environmental sector.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,27(7), 782-808. Elyasiani, E., Mester, L. J., Pagano, M. S. (2014). Large capital infusions, investor reactions, and the return and risk-performance of financial institutions over the business cycle.Journal of Financial Stability,11, 62-81. Fraser, S., Bhaumik, S. K., Wright, M. (2015). What do we know about entrepreneurial finance and its relationship with growth?.International Small Business Journal,33(1), 70-88. Hughes, A. (2014).Short-termism, Impatient Capital and Finance for Manufacturing Innovation in UK. Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge. Jacob, M., Johan, S., Schweizer, D., Zhan, F. (2016). Corporate finance and the governance implications of removing government support programs.Journal of Banking Finance,63, 35-47. Lee, N., Sameen, H., Cowling, M. (2015). Access to finance for innovative SMEs since the financial crisis.Research policy,44(2), 370-380. Micale, V., Oliver, P. (2015). Lessons on the Role of Public Finance in Deploying Geothermal Energy in Developing Countries.Climate Policy Initiative. Mina, A., Lahr, H., Hughes, A. (2013). The demand and supply of external finance for innovative firms.Industrial and Corporate Change,22(4), 869-901 Palley, T. I. (2013). Financialization: what it is and why it matters. InFinancialization(pp. 17-40). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Stadelmann, M., Persson, ., Ratajczak-Juszko, I., Michaelowa, A. (2014). Equity and cost-effectiveness of multilateral adaptation finance: are they friends or foes?.International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,14(2), 101-120. Strange, A. M., Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J. (2015). Tracking underreported financial flows: Chinas development finance and the aidconflict nexus revisited.Journal of Conflict Resolution, 0022002715604363. Swinnen, J. F., Maertens, M. (2014). Finance through food and commodity value chains in a globalized economy. InFinance for Food(pp. 45-65). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tarca, A., Morris, R. D., Moy, M. (2013). An investigation of the relationship between use of international accounting standards and source of company finance in Germany.Abacus,49(1), 74-98

Yevtushenkos Babi Yar Essays - The Holocaust In Ukraine,

Yevtushenko's Babi Yar Babi Yar, a poem written by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, tells the story of the Nazi invasion into a small part of Russia, in which, throughout the duration of World War II, over one-hundred thousand Jews, Gypsies and Russian POW's were brutally murdered. However, what is unique about this particular perspective is that the narrator is not a Jew, but a mere observer who is aghast at the atrocities that took place during the Holocaust. It is through allusions, as well as other literary devices, that Yevtushenko elucidates caustically the absurdities of the hatred that caused the Holocaust, in addition to the narrator's identification with the Jews and their history of oppression. Perhaps, the most effective literary device used in "Babi Yar" is the allusion. The first clear allusion seen in the poem is the one concerning Egypt(line 6). This reference harks back to the Jews' enslavement in Egypt before they become a nation. In line 7, the narrator makes reference to how so many Jews perished on the cross. The reason for these initial allusions in the first section is clear. Yevtushenko is establishing the history of the Jewish people, being one of oppression, prejudice, and innocent victims. The next illusion in the poem is a reference to the Dreyfus Affair, a more modern display of irrational and avid anti-Semitism. It is in the Dreyfus affair that an innocent man is accused of espionage and is sent to jail for more than ten years, notwithezding an overwhelming amount of evidence pointing to his innocence, simply because he is a Jew. Yevtushenko uses these allusions to lead up to his referral to a boy in Bielostok who is murdered by the Russian common-folk. Clearly, The narrator is teaching a lesson with a dual message. Firstly, he is informing the reader of the horrors that took place in Russia during the Holocaust. Perhaps even more of a travesty, however, is the fact that humankind has not learned from the past in light of the fact that this "episode" is merely one link in a long chain of terrors. Yevtushenko goes on to allude to Anne Frank, a young Jewish teenager who left behind a diary of her thoughts and dreams, and how the Nazis strip her of any potential future she has when she is murdered in the death camps. Clearly, the allusion creates images in the mind of the reader that mere descriptions via the use of words could not. Another effective literary device used in the poem is the first person narrative in which the narrator identifies with those victims which he describes. This is seen in the case where the narrator says "I am Dreyfus", or "Anne Frank, I am she." The narrator does not claim to underezd what the feelings and thoughts of these people are, but rather, he is acknowledging the fact that they are feeling, "detested and denounced" and that unlike the rest of the world who turned its head, or the Russians who actually abetted such heinous crimes, this gentile narrator can not empathize, but does sympathize with his Jewish "brethren." Another extremely powerful device used by Yevtushenko is the detail of description and imagery used to describe events and feelings that are in both those whom he identifies with, as well as himself. "I bear the red mark of nails"(line 8) seems to include much of the suffering that the Jews have to endure. The statement is almost one of a reverse crucifixion in which the Jews are crucified and now have to suffer with false accusations, blood libels, and Pogroms for the duration of time. The poet describes very clearly the contempt most people have for the Jewish people and how many of these people aided in the barbarity . In line 13, for example, the poet speaks of "shrieking ladies in fine ruffled gowns" who "brandish their umbrellas in my face." In addition, Yevtushenko also depicts explicitly how the "tavern masters celebrate" at the sight of "(a Jewish boy's)blood spurt and spread over the floor." The contrast of age in "Babi Yar" is also quite effective. In the last three sections, the reader finds out that the narrator is remembering the past, mourning those who have perished.

17th 18th Century Poetry Background Notes Essay Example

17th 18th Century Poetry Background Notes Essay Example 17th 18th Century Poetry Background Notes Paper 17th 18th Century Poetry Background Notes Paper Essay Topic: Poetry 1603 death of Queen Elizabeth I 1660 1702 Restoration Period Charles I and James I protestant, antagonize, create religious controversy, clash with parliament, both believed in the divine right of kings, Which was worse, James I or Charles I ? Charles James I 1603 1625 Charles I 1625- 1642 the roundheads against the king cavaliers supporters of the king oliver cromwell leader of the commonwealth; puritan; encouraged freedom of religion. first time women were on stage 1600 Nel Gwen Francis Bacon essayist; father of modern science metaphysical conceits metaphors aimed at starling the reader john donne born catholic but abandoned his faith; womanizer (married Anne More, 16), put in prison; converted to Anglicanism. andrew marvell used metaphysical conciets, used carpe diem cavalier poets poetic theme carpe diem, Herrick and Lovelace john milton puritan writer, born catholic, wrote pamphlets 1702-1798 a full century, unlike the 17th century The Restoration restoring the monarchy and the Church of England 18th century conviction of mans intellectual superiority first encyclopedia diderot dictionary is revised my johnson deism god as a clockwork, universe as a clock, no expectation of divine intervention. characteristics balance, sophistication, rationalism, skepticism, 1702 1750 age of swift and pope, big use of satire. 1750 1785 Age of Johnson 1785 1798 Pre- Romantic Johnathan Swift born of english parents in ireland; Anglican minister, hated mankind but loves the individual, scathing satirist. Alexander Pope born catholic, mocked because of his deformity, loved mankind, perfected the heroic couplet, wrote with a lot of dry wit. Samuel Johnson epitome of the 18th century, essayist, poet, scholar, and critic. The Dictionary Samuel Johnson Holy Sonnet 14 Batter My Heart John Donne Holy Sonnet 10 Death Be Not Proud John Donne Know Then Thyself Alexander Pope Rape of the Lock Alexander Pope A Modest Proposal Jonathan Swift To The Virgins To Make Much of Time Robert Herrick To Lucasta Richard Lovelace To Althea From Prison Richard Lovelace On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three John Milton Meditation 17 John Donne On His Blindness John Milton Death Be Not Proud John Donne

Aldi supermarket company and industry assessment Essay

Aldi supermarket company and industry assessment - Essay Example This paper describes the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing Aldi as part of a comprehensive SWOT analysis and also provides the various strategic options available to the supermarket chain in order to boost profitability and reputation. Sound Marketing Strategy. Since the Aldi low-cost model was established and company began operations, the business has remained focused on changing its image from simply a discount supermarket chain to that of a progressive, well-positioned company. The business has transformed its image from a no-frills business to a specialty brand company which removes consumer emphasis from the term discount to that of one focused on quality products. This has had appeal to mass markets and raised their sales 25 percent in early 2009 by being able to cater to a larger volume of potential demographics, even including the upscale consumer. Privatisation. Aldi is not a publicly traded company, which does not give the business the types of pressures felt by other publicly-traded supermarkets in terms of investor pressures for rapid expansion or other activities which benefit the shareholder. By holding higher levels of control over internal activities, Aldi has been able to emerge a leader in low-cost grocery shopping needs. Knowledge of consumer audiences. Aldi, unlike other discount grocery stores, appears to understand the lifestyle and behavioural needs of its customer base by creating marketing strategies which fit consumer psychology profiles. For instance, Aldi Supermarkets realises that in order to lure more image-conscious consumers to its facility, it would have to eliminate the strong focus on no-frills and reposition the firm based on quality products and selection. This eliminates the social fear of shopping at what might be considered a budget organisation and instead gives the impression of select branded products designed for active

Improvements in the supply chain offered by e-commerce developments Essay

Improvements in the supply chain offered by e-commerce developments - Essay Example Significant advantages offered through the implementation of e-commerce are the streamlining of the supply operations through the elimination of redundant paperwork, order batching and stockpiling. There is a higher degree of interaction and timeliness that may be brought into the supply chain management through e-commerce. A large database of valid, current information can be maintained which can also be used for data analysis. The cons of the e-commerce system however are also induced by technology – the dangers of confidential information being accessed by unauthorized parties and consequent losses that could result. In carrying out this analysis, I have chosen to reply upon a library based approach, seeking out the views of experts on the benefits of the e-commerce system and its implications for supply chain management. The findings in this report are that e-commerce is likely to be of enormous benefit in supply chain management. While there are also potential disadvantages, the pros outweigh the cons and therefore, introducing e-commerce offers excellent possibilities for improvements in current supply chain management. The traditional supply chain model is based upon the push model, wherein the process of placing orders and marketing the product involves customers, retailers, wholesalers, distributors and manufacturers, and at every stage there is paperwork involved. Much of such paperwork may also be duplicated, which results in the Supply Chain essentially becoming a system serving the suppliers almost as much as it serves the customers, who should be its primary focus. However, with the onset of e-commerce, online business auctions, web procurement systems and electronic business negotiations are becoming increasingly common, with availability of additional software such as shopping bots, etc enabling consumers to carry our price comparisons online (Vulkan, 2003). As a result, the supply

The demographic imbalance in the UAE and Security Threats Research Paper

The demographic imbalance in the UAE and Security Threats - Research Paper Example The paper first looks at the demographic data with regard to nationalities, then proceeds to analyse how the demographic imbalance threatens local community identity, social structure, economic and political future of the UAE. Demographic data with regard to nationalities and gender Since 1975, the UAE population composition has experienced rapid transitions. The population has grown more than 10 times over this period with the greatest population growth being that of foreign nationals (Al-Suwaidi, 2011). At 12% of the total population (Al-Khouri, 2010), the number of nationals is extremely low compared to that of expatriates, and certain nationalities are predominant within the demographic structure. Analysing the most recent estimated data for 2010 over a five year period, UAE population was estimated to be 8.5 million in 2010 of which only 950,000 were national citizens while 7.3 million were accounted for by non national residents. In 2005, the nationals were estimated to be around 818,000, which implies that the national population growth was at a 3% growth rate. On the other hand, the foreign nationals who were 3.3 million in 2005, more than doubled over the five year period to 7.3 million (National Bureau of Statistics, 2012; UAE Defence & Security Report , 2011). Table 1: UAE Population data 2005-2010 Â   2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 UAE Nationals 0.82 million 0.85 million 0.88 million 0.9 million 0.93 million 0.95 million Foreign Nationals 3.3 million 4.2 million 5.3 million 7.17 million 7.2 million 7.3 million Figure 1: UAE Citizens versus Foreign citizens Figure 2: Population growth trends 2005-2010; UAE nationals versus foreign nationals (data in millions) It has been predicted that if appropriate correctional measures and policies are not taken to address the trend effectively, then UAE national population is further projected to fall relative to the foreign nationals, grossly impacting the demographic imbalance (Al-Khouri, 2010). With the Economist Intelligence unit (EIU, 2010) having forecasted that the population in the Gulf region will be growing by a third over the next eight years till 2020, this poses a serious challenge to the development of the region in the future and requires strong policies to address the imbalances. Analy sing the population composition based on nationalities as presented by Randeree (2009), it can be noted that certain foreign nationals are more predominant than others. The leading nationals are Indians at approximately 36.5% of the population, while the Arabs from other regions and Pakistani nationals follow at 12.7% each. UAE also exhibits a unique structure in its demography with respect to gender - unlike most countries, Emirati male population exceeds the female population, thus by 2010 population estimates there were 479,109 males, while females stood at 468,888 (Randeree, 2012; National Bureau of Statistics, 2012). This implies that ratio of male to female is 1.02 males for every female. The Emirati male to female ratio has been

Burger King Business Communication Case Study

Burger King Business Communication Case Study Burger King is a fast food Corporation. It is the second largest fast-food chain in the United States, trailing only McDonalds. The company franchises more than 10,400 restaurants and owns about 1,000 for a chain wide total exceeding 11,455, with locations in all 50 states and 56 countries. The company serves 15.7 million customers each day and over 2.4 billion Burger King Hamburgers are sold each year across the globe. Miami entrepreneurs James McLamore and David Edgerton founded Burger King Corporation in 1954. REASONING The reason as to why I have chosen to write a report on Burger King is to illustrate its communication strategies and its communication effectiveness. Business Demographics Demographics are attributes used for marketing purposes. Burger King uses the means of networking, media and the internet to communicate between different locations. The organisation uses its demographical strategies to meets it consumer interests and also for profitability to the company. Burger Kings demographic strategy is well planned and well laid out, making it easy to market the organisation to its customers who are from different age groups and from different cultural backgrounds. Organisational Goals Burger Kings main aims and objectives are to serve its customers with the bests meals and services a fast food company could possibly provide. To achieve this, the organisation has a zero compromise policy for the communication of its aims and objectives. The aims and objectives are highly important to the organisation, for it is the only way the organisation maintains its integrity amongst it competitors and its customers. Burger Kings aims and objectives are well set and structured, making it relatively easy to communicate them within the organisation and also to its customers. The organisations main source to communicate its aims and objectives are through the media, banners, coupons, handouts and also through the internet. ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND ETHICS Burger King is an organisation that serves customers from various backgrounds and cultures. This makes it extremely important to manage communication in the most delicate manner as possible. The organisation has to keep in mind that not all customers consume all the menus the company offers. For example: customers who are from an Indian background wont eat beef, customers who are from a Muslim background wont eat pork. Its vital information like these that the organisation has to keep track of in order to meet the needs of people who are from different backgrounds and cultures. Management of Knowledge Resource Management of knowledge resources is critical for any organisation. It helps in ensuring that vital knowledge is passed on within the organisation so that the organisation can maintain its ever long trend of providing the quality of work or service as it has been providing in the past. Burger King is one such Organisation that takes pride in its quality of service that it has been known of providing. Achieving this however took a lot of work and experience for the organisation. To ensure that knowledge and experience is passed on within the organisation, the Burger King Management team relies heavily on their old staffs who possess the skills and experience needed for the organisation to maintain its quality of work. The old staff members train and groom the new recruits so that they can cope with the organisations requirement standards and deliver quality services to its customers. The Management team of Burger King also holds staff meetings and orientations to ensure that vital kno wledge and experience is equally shared amongst each and every member of the team. The also shuffle the teams together so that there is an equal balance of knowledge and experience within the teams. Group Dynamics Effective communication plays a key role in any organisation. It helps in avoiding conflicts and contributes to the development of a team within an organisation. Burger King also has certain procedures in place to ensure effective communication takes place within its teams. The communication procedures are well constructed. To ensure there is a practice of effective communication within the teams; the team members are expected to communicate with each other using the universal language which is English, they are also expected to wear their uniforms at all times and address each other with their names, team members are also expected to actively participate in any company meetings or seminars and verbally communicate with their team supervisors or managers. These measures ensure that there are no unnecessary conflicts within the teams and that the teams have a healthy team surrounding to work in. It also ensures that there is maximum development in the team and that the teams are alway s in a positive attitude while working. Effective Communication also contributes to the betterment of the organisation as a whole and also lets the team members within the organisation to improve on their communication skills. Meeting Management Meetings are an essential to any organisation. To ensure meeting runs effectively the Burger King Management Team has meetings every week and it demands all of its staff members to contribute towards the meetings. The staff members are expected to openly discuss any company matters or issues that may be concerning the staff members. Like wise the management is required to take into consideration the matters and issues and deal with it in a manner suitable for the organisation or to provide the staffs with alternatives to overcome the issues. Open discussions in meetings are extremely important because it is one of the ways which can contribute towards an effective and constructive meeting. Burger King also has hand outs which are issued to each member participating in the meeting prior to the meeting commence. This is done to ensure that there are no disruptions in the meeting and that each and every member of the team is up to date with what the meeting is about and what is expected of the members and what they are suppose to be discussing during the meeting. Stakeholders Stakeholders are the most important assets to an organisation. Therefore Burger King is always in touch with all those who have an interest in the organisation. The organisation does this by holding annual general meetings in which the stakeholders take part in. These meetings are held in order to discuss the organisations performance and status. It is also to discuss the stakeholders interests in the organisation and also what would be some of the actions that could be taken in order to raise the organisations performance. This is an effective means to communicate with the stakeholders because it creates opportunities for the stakeholders to put forward their personal views and thoughts which could help benefit the organisation. The organisation also sends out e-mails, letters, and barouches on a weekly basis to its stakeholders to keep them informed on how the company is coping. Networks Burger King has various ways of communicating with people who may potentially have an impact on the development of the organisation. To name a few of these ways; is through networking, barouches, banners, internet and media. These are some of the methods the Organisation uses to communicate with people who are interested in the organisation. These methods of communication are simple and yet an effective way for the organisation to interact and keep in touch with others. It is vital for any organisation to communicate with people regardless whether it is the staff members or the customers. This is to show that the organisation has an interest in the people and that they welcome peoples decisions and views towards the organisation. RECOMMENDATIONS Burger King has a well structured means of promoting the organisations. However though, this has room for further improvements. This is said because, Burger King promotes its self by using mostly the universal language English This is a possible set back for the organisation because in many countries English is not the first language. Therefore the organisation should consider advertising using other languages rather than just using English as their preferred language of advertisement. To achieve its aims and objectives Burger King should ensure that its aims and objectives are understood not only by their staff members but also their customers as well. So to ensure that this happens, Burger King should also do organisational promotions whereby their senior staff members speak to his/her team personally and explain to them using practical examples of what is really required of them. The organisation should employ more variety of people from different backgrounds in its crew rather than just having one dominant race. This should be done so that the sales team is better equipped with the knowledge from different races and that they can use this knowledge for promoting sales. Knowledge is a vital part of any organisation and therefore it should be give the most priority. The Burger King organisation should be more focused on its Knowledge Resource Department and should improve on its IT sector to manage all its vital information and knowledge. The organisation should hire more IT professionals to handle all its information and all its company knowledge sectors. To improve Group, the Burger King Organisation should concentrate more on improving staff communications by making it mandatory for any new recruitment to have English competency. This should be done so that there is less time consumption on training new recruits from different backgrounds. It is essential for any organisation to hold meetings and for those meetings to succeed the meeting has to laid out in a planned and proper manner. The organisation should introduce a system whereby not everyone speaks at once but where one person is allowed to speak first and complete what he/she has to say and only than should the other person be given the chance to speak. Also there should be limitations as to what one has to say rather than just having an open discussion where there is no order to what is being said or discussed. Stakeholders are vital assets to the organisation. Therefore Burger King should not only have annual general meetings but they should also hold monthly meetings with their stake holders so that they can build more on their professional relations and come up with more innovative ideas of as to how they can contribute towards further development of the organisation. Network is also an important part of an organisation. It helps in building more exposure for the organisation with others. Burger King should do a little more than just using the internet or the media to network. They should send out teams on a weekly basis to go out and promote the organisation by chatting to people in the public about the organisation which would be more effective and would have a better result to its networks departments. Findings Upon completion of this report it can be conclude that Burger King has done a great amount of work to achieve its Effective Communication Aspects. The organisation has a well structured means of communication within the organisation and also with the public or its customers. However, if the organisation takes heed of the recommendations and apply them to their communication strategy, the organisation should see an even better result as to what they are experiencing now in regards to their Communication Aspects.

The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Genetic Engineering E

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Genetic engineering is a process in which scientists transfer genes from one species to another totally unrelated species. Usually this is done in order to get one organism to produce proteins, which it would not naturally produce. The genes taken from one species, which code for a particular protein, are put into cells of another species, using a vector. This can result in the cells producing the desired protein. It is used for producing proteins which can be used by humans, such as insulin for diabetics and is also used to make organisms better at surviving, for example genetically modifying a plant so that it can survive in acidic soil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is debate about whether genetic engineering should be used or not, and to what degree. There are many problems that can occur from the process and many of these cannot be avoided currently. There are known problems and there is also the fact that the whole process is unpredictable and unforeseen problems could crop up. A good example of this was the influence of a genetically engineered organism on a food chain, which sometimes damaged the local ecology. The new organism could now compete successfully against other species, causing unforeseen changes in the environment. This could then have a knock-on effect that could lead to the destruction of whole species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to the quite random nature of genetic engineering, there is a risk that it may disrupt the functioning of other genes in an organism. This could mean that the organisms do not survive at all, or become some sort of mutated freak, which is completely different and maybe even more dangerous. Genetic engineers also intend to profit by patenting genetically engineered seeds. This means that, when a farmer plants these genetically engineered seeds, all the seeds have an identical genetic structure. As a result, if a fungus, a virus, or a pest develops which can attack this particular crop, they might all be at risk, resulting in widespread crop failure. Insects, birds, and the wind can carry genetically altered seeds, which can cross-pollinate with genetically natural crops and wild relatives. All crops, organic and non-organic, are vulnerable to contamination from cross-pollinatation, meaning that problems in the original genetically modified organisms can be spre ad a... ...age because it means that insulin, which keeps diabetics alive, can be produced quickly and cheaply. Genetic Engineering could also increase genetic diversity, and produce more variants of the same species that could also be crossed over and implanted into other species. Animals and plants can be 'tailor made' to show desirable characteristics. Genes could also be manipulated in trees for example, to absorb more CO2 and reduce the threat of global warming. This would actually help the environment. However many of these things have not been tested and are much more difficult in practice than in theory. That added to the massive uncertainty about the effects and results of genetic engineering would suggest that the benefits do not outweigh the risks taken to obtain them. A religious question also arises. By changing the cells of living organisms are we ‘playing God’ and if we are should we be allowed to?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion I would say that genetic engineering is certainly a good thing saving lives in many cases. However more tests need to be carried out, and profit-hungry companies should not be allowed to do whatever they want in their quests for profit.

Health and Safety Roles Essay

Prepare to discuss the differences in the roles and responsibilities of the manager, employer, employee and owner of an organisation of your choice in respect of health and safety. Note: it is essential that you identify the differences and similarities between these roles / titles) Suggested sources: HSE SUCCESSFUL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT HMSO HSE website Any Health and Safety Book http://www.forbes.com/sites/gcaptain/2012/01/19/a-captains-responsibility-by-a-former-norwegian-cruise-lines-safety-manager-and-ship-master/ FORBES Cruise ships, as well as all vessels plying the Navigable waters of the world are subject to strict Maritime Rules and regulations including, Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations, Standards of Training Certification and Watch keeping (STCW), The International Safety Management (ISM) rules, and most importantly, the Rule of the Sea whereby the Master and officers and crew never abandon the ship until all passengers and crew are accounted for, and everything possible has been done to save them. HSE.GOV HSE Executive Responsibilities The Executive: †¢ensures that a member of the Executive is available for out-of-hours notifications of major incidents †¢decides if the incident should be categorised as ‘major’ by consulting with relevant head(s) of Division/Directorate, the Chair of the HSC, the Commission and Ministers, as appropriate, on the nature of the incident and the proposed action When considering whether to declare a major incident, the Executive will consider the following points: †¢the significance of the event †¢any separate investigations by other regulatory bodies †¢the involvement of other regulatory bodies in the investigation †¢the  effect of the investigation on HSE as a whole and the Directorate’s/Division’s programme of work †¢the concerns of the Commission, ministers, other government departments, devolved administrations and regulatory bodies. Once a major incident is declared, the Executive: †¢agrees which of the major incident arrangements should be invoked for the investigation – in the case of a HSWA Section 14(2)(a) investigation, in conjunction with the HSC Chair †¢decides the scope of the investigation appropriate to the scale and complexity of the incident †¢determines whether a policy and procedure review should take place & its timing, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, and sets the terms of reference – in the case of a HSWA Section 14(2)(a) investigation, in conjunction with the HSC Chair †¢ensures that contact with the Secretariat and all members of the Executive is maintained during the response to the major incident †¢monitors and as necessary approves briefing for the Commission Chair, the Commission and Ministers †¢oversees the investigation and any policy and procedure review process, altering the terms of reference of the investigation/review process if appropriate †¢approves publication of t he reportfollowing a major incident investigation and considers whether to publish interim technical reports if broader health and safety lessons emerge †¢agrees decisions on the timing of the release of information to the public. †¢considers the policy and procedure review report and ensures that any appropriate response to the recommendations is taken. The office safety company http://www.officesafety.co.uk/quick-guides/whos-responsible.html †¢The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 †¢Requires employers to be responsible for ensuring the health and safety of workers and for reducing risks to others affected by work activities. †¢Health and safety functions should be delegated and health and safety risk management legally requires the active participation of the company’s workers. However the legal responsibility for health and safety rests with the employer. †¢Employers need to prepare, and make sure their workers know about, a written statement of the health and safety policy and the  arrangements in place to put it into effect. †¢Where a ‘body corporate’ commits a health and safety offence, and the offence was committed with the consent or connivance of, or was attributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body corporate, then that person (as well as the body corporate) is liable to be proceeded against and punished. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 These regulations include requirements for employers to: †¢Assess the work-related risks faced by employees, and by people not in their employment †¢Have effective arrangements in place for planning, organising, controlling, monitoring and reviewing preventive and protective measures †¢Appoint one or more competent persons to help in undertaking the measures needed to comply with health and safety law †¢Provide employees with comprehensible and relevant information on the risks they face and the preventive and protective measures that control those risks HSE.GOV http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/hse40.pdf Most employers are required by the law to insure against liability for injury or disease to their employees arising out of their employment. This guide is intended to help you to understand what is required. It is not a legal interpretation of the Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act and it has no formal legal status. You should be aware that only the courts can authoritatively interpret the law. Compare safety officer and Captain Safety Officer In this role you delegate and oversee safety drills. The safety drills include abandon ship procedures, fire drills and maintenance of the ship’s tenders. In addition this role is responsible for instructing the crew on safety issues and drills. Responsibilities: †¢he Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and assessing hazardous and unsafe situations and developing measures to assure personnel safety. †¢The Safety Officer will correct unsafe acts or conditions through the regular line of authority, although the †¢Safety Officer may exercise emergency authority to prevent or stop unsafe acts when immediateaction is required. †¢The Safety Officer maintains awareness of active and developing situations. †¢The Safety Officer ensures the Site Safety and Health Plan is prepared and implemented. †¢The Safety Officer ensures there are safety messages in each Incident Action Plan. Captain – must have liability insurance The Captain is the highest ranking officer on the ship with the most perks, it definitely pays to be Captain. However, this title comes with a lot of responsibility such as the care of all the crew and passengers aboard the ship. In cases of emergency the Captain makes all executive decisions. Additionally, the Captain is in charge of navigation and operations. Regulates company policies, environmental policies such as pollution effects as well as national and international maritime laws http://www.ehow.com/list_5977262_duties-ship-captain.html †¢The captain’s first duty is become the leader of their ship. They are trusted and respected among their peers because they are chosen as the leader of their ship. †¢On a ship, the captain is the highest rank you can get. Think of them as the President of their ship. They have to keep the crew safe and make life-or-death decisions that can affect everyone on the ship.

Quotes by Simone de Beauvoir, Feminist, Existentialist

Quotes by Simone de Beauvoir, Feminist, Existentialist Simone de Beauvoir was a writer on feminism and existentialism. She also wrote novels. Her book The Second Sex is a feminist classic. It is based on the idea that, while men and women may have different tendencies, each person is unique, and it is culture which has enforced a uniform set of expectations of what is feminine, as contrasted to what is human which is equated with what is male. Beauvoir argued that women can free themselves, through individual decisions and collective action. Best Quotes One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman. To emancipate woman is to refuse to confine her to the relations she bears to man, not to deny them to her; let her have her independent existence and she will continue none the less to exist to him also; mutually recognizing each other as subject, each will yet remain for the other another. Man is defined as a human being and a woman as a female- whenever she behaves as a human being she is said to imitate the male. This has always been a mans world, and none of the reasons that have been offered in explanation have seemed adequate. Representation of the world, like the world itself, is the work of men; they describe it from their own point of view, which they confuse with the absolute truth. The most sympathetic of men never fully comprehend womans concreted situation. Society, being codified by man, decrees that woman is inferior; she can do away with this inferiority only by destroying the males superiority. When we abolish the slavery of half of humanity, together with the whole system of hypocrisy it implies, then the division of humanity will reveal its genuine significance and the human couple will find its true form. If her functioning as a female is not enough to define woman, if we decline also to explain her through the eternal feminine, and if nevertheless we admit, provisionally, that women do exist, then we must face the question: what is a woman? To catch a husband is an art; to hold him is a job. Few tasks are more like the torture of Sisyphus than housework, with its endless repetition: the clean becomes soiled, the soiled is made clean, over and over, day after day. Defending the truth is not something one does out of a sense of duty or to allay guilt complexes, but is a reward in itself. I tore myself away from the safe comfort of certainties through my love for the truth; and truth rewarded me. Thats what I consider true generosity. You give your all, and yet you always feel as if it costs you nothing. I wish that every human life might be pure transparent freedom. Ones life has value so long as one attributes value to the life of others, by means of love, friendship, indignation and compassion. The word love has by no means the same sense for both sexes, and this is one cause of the serious misunderstandings that divide them. The writer of originality, unless dead, is always shocking, scandalous; novelty disturbs and repels. However gifted an individual is at the outset, if his or her talents cannot be developed because of his or her social condition, because of the surrounding circumstances, these talents will be still-born. To show your true ability is always, in a sense, to surpass the limits of your ability, to go a little beyond them: to dare, to seek, to invent; it is at such a moment that new talents are revealed, discovered, and realized. Since I was 21, I have never been lonely. The opportunities granted to me at the beginning helped me not only to lead a happy life but to be happy in the life I led. I have been aware of my shortcomings and my limits, but I have made the best of them. When I was tormented by what was happening in the world, it was the world I wanted to change, not my place in it. From the hour youre born you begin to die. But between birth and death theres life. Change your life today. Dont gamble on the future, act now, without delay. There is no justification for present existence other than its expansion into an indefinitely open future. If you live long enough, youll see that every victory turns into a defeat. Since it is the Other within us who is old, it is natural that the revelation of our age should come to us from outside- from others. We do not accept it willingly. Retirement may be looked upon either as a prolonged holiday or as a rejection, a being thrown on to the scrap-heap. Life is occupied in both perpetuating itself and in surpassing itself; if all it does is maintain itself, then living is only not dying. It is not in giving life but in risking life that man is raised above the animal; that is why superiority has been accorded in humanity not to the sex that brings forth but to that which kills. Its frightening to think that you mark your children merely by being yourself. It seems unfair. You cant assume the responsibility for everything you do- or dont do. The ideal of happiness has always taken material form in the house, whether cottage or castle. It stands for permanence and separation from the world. Society cares for the individual only so far as he is profitable. In the face of an obstacle which it is impossible to overcome, stubbornness is stupid. One is not born a genius, one becomes a genius. I am incapable of conceiving infinity, and yet I do not accept finity. In itself, homosexuality is as limiting as heterosexuality: the ideal should be to be capable of loving a woman or a man; either, a human being, without feeling fear, restraint, or obligation. All oppression creates a state of war. In order for the artist to have a world to express he must first be situated in this world, oppressed or oppressing, resigned or rebellious, a man among men. Art is an attempt to integrate evil. No matter what happened afterward, nothing would take those moments away from me; nothing has taken them away; they shine in my past with a brilliance that has never been tarnished. [About Liberation Day] Quotes About Simone de Beauvoir She had opened a door for us. – Kate Millett I had learned my own existentialism from her. It was  The Second Sex  that introduced me to that approach to reality and political responsibility... [and] led me to whatever original analysis of womens existence I have been able to contribute. – Betty Friedan I wish her well. She started me out on a road on which Ill keep moving... We need and can trust no other authority than our own personal truth. – Betty Friedan More than any other single human being, shes responsible for the current international womens movement. – Gloria Steinem

Free Essays on Book Report On Nisa, The Life And Words Of A Kung Woman

The author, Marjorie Shostak, provides at the beginning of each chapter in her book a short introduction of the subject matter which precedes text in the actual chapters recounting Nisa’s life. This work covers Nisa’s life as she remembers and also provides some insights that the author has outside of the interviews with Nisa. These perspectives are given from the viewpoint of having lived and been with the !Kung women. Numerous aspects of the Kung women’s way of life is revealed, beginning with Nisa as a little girl, â€Å"I remember when my mother was pregnant with Kumsa. I was still small and I asked, â€Å"Mommy, that baby inside you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Shostak, 1981, P. 51) and proceeded on to her marriages, â€Å"I had refused Bo, but Tsaa, my next husband, I liked. When I married him, my breasts were just beginning to develop† (Shostak, 1981, P. 138) and further on to when she gave birth and when â€Å"After (her) children died, (she) just continued to live.† (Shostak, 1981, P. 326). But there appears to be a particular emphasis on Nisa’s sexual trysts with men from chapter 4 onwards, â€Å"There are men, a few of my lovers, who still live in my heart.† (Shostak, 1981, P. 331) This may be due to Nisa being proud that she is able to attract lovers, and she is boasting that particular fact to the author. Nisa was able to describe in detail her entire life in her interviews, even going into the little details of her play habits whilst she was young and to the long treks that she took around with her husband in her latter years. What I noticed particularly missing from the text is that it covers a mainly female viewpoint on life in a !Kung village, while information about the !Kung men were given in the introductions, it is just mainly skimming through it. If the anthropologist was a man, this book may turn out totally different, covering more of the men’s aspect on life, giving details on the men going out for hunting, the specific met... Free Essays on Book Report On Nisa, The Life And Words Of A Kung Woman Free Essays on Book Report On Nisa, The Life And Words Of A Kung Woman The author, Marjorie Shostak, provides at the beginning of each chapter in her book a short introduction of the subject matter which precedes text in the actual chapters recounting Nisa’s life. This work covers Nisa’s life as she remembers and also provides some insights that the author has outside of the interviews with Nisa. These perspectives are given from the viewpoint of having lived and been with the !Kung women. Numerous aspects of the Kung women’s way of life is revealed, beginning with Nisa as a little girl, â€Å"I remember when my mother was pregnant with Kumsa. I was still small and I asked, â€Å"Mommy, that baby inside you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Shostak, 1981, P. 51) and proceeded on to her marriages, â€Å"I had refused Bo, but Tsaa, my next husband, I liked. When I married him, my breasts were just beginning to develop† (Shostak, 1981, P. 138) and further on to when she gave birth and when â€Å"After (her) children died, (she) just continued to live.† (Shostak, 1981, P. 326). But there appears to be a particular emphasis on Nisa’s sexual trysts with men from chapter 4 onwards, â€Å"There are men, a few of my lovers, who still live in my heart.† (Shostak, 1981, P. 331) This may be due to Nisa being proud that she is able to attract lovers, and she is boasting that particular fact to the author. Nisa was able to describe in detail her entire life in her interviews, even going into the little details of her play habits whilst she was young and to the long treks that she took around with her husband in her latter years. What I noticed particularly missing from the text is that it covers a mainly female viewpoint on life in a !Kung village, while information about the !Kung men were given in the introductions, it is just mainly skimming through it. If the anthropologist was a man, this book may turn out totally different, covering more of the men’s aspect on life, giving details on the men going out for hunting, the specific met...

George Orwel's Biography and the Question about Orwel's Political Essay

George Orwel's Biography and the Question about Orwel's Political Development - Essay Example He came from a poor family, but attended an expensive school because he was bright and could easily earn a scholarship. The Principal at St Cyprian School took him into the school at substantially reduced fees with an aim of bringing credit to the school (Orwell 3). His education at St Cyprian helped him attain a scholarship to study at Wellington College and later on at Eton College. He could not afford university fees so he joined the India imperial police force as portrayed in his essays ‘Shooting an Elephant’, and ‘Hanging’. Orwell clearly shows his displeasure in working with colonial Britain. He considered imperialism to be a terrible thing and clearly stated that he was in support of the Burmese and all against their oppressors (Orwell 148). He later moved to Paris as depicted in ’How the poor die’ where he went to hospital after falling ill. Orwell recounts his experiences in a public hospital, in Paris. In the ward, the staff mistreate d the patients and handled them carelessly. The death of numero 57 makes him wonder how lucky it would be if someone dies a natural death. He further states that perhaps it would be better dying violently and not due to old age. In the essay, he argues that a person only stays alive by a virtue of the fear of death (Orwell 133). Orwell later moved to Spain with his wife when the civil war broke out. He fought for the Spanish government against Francisco Franco’s Nationalist uprising. He got shot in the throat while on fighting on the front at Huesca in Aragon. Many of Orwell's friends got arrested, shot, or just disappeared when the communists partly gained control and tried to purge the POUM. Orwell and his wife managed to escape alive in 1937. His work experience in Burma as a police officer and the war in Spain contributed a lot to his political philosophy against totalitarianism. Every line of serious work he wrote since then was for democratic socialism and directly or i ndirectly, against totalitarianism (Orwell 31). Orwell believed that the common man would win the battle against oppression someday, but he hoped that victory would come soon. Orwell later died of tuberculosis after marrying his second wife Sonia who promoted his works after his death. Question2 Revision refers to viewing the ideas from a critical and clear perspective. It is a process of rethinking the draft which facilitates for reconsideration of presented arguments. It facilitates for two essential issues which are unity and coherence in the work. On the other hand, proofreading or editing is a more strict check on spelling, language and sentence structures. This is to ensure that the paragraphs are logic. Proofreading comes last after the revision as it involves correcting all errors that may have been ignored before. Question 3 Doyle Blackburn’s propensity for violence is evident at the beginning of the comic, but he appears to have softened his violent nature at the en d of the comic. Doyle’s connection to the drug world and his violent nature tend to control his daily activities as he is seen getting into fights. Doyle impresses Lily’s (his girlfriend) boss in the way he handled a stubborn client. Lily’s boss says â€Å"I like the way you handled the situation. Sometimes these deadbeats have to be shown just who they are dealing with†. Doyle’s character here is seen as spontaneous and protective. His violent nature also disrupts his relationship with Lily. Lily

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Personal Statement Example To me, the aspiration of becoming a well-educated person is one of the most monumental and highly valuable objectives a person can seek to achieve. Why is this? As the world becomes more standardised, in which cultural and professional values are becoming rather universally-accepted norms, businesses (and communities) require the input of individuals who are driven to think uniquely, outside of the proverbial box, as a means of eliciting positive change. I am reminded of a term once taught in one of my foundational classes known as groupthink, a form of psychological and sociological phenomenon where the inherent desire to conform to the beliefs and values of group members leads to dysfunctional decision-making outcomes. In the business environment, as a wide variety of empirical studies continue to iterate, this phenomenon is often detrimental to developing innovations and strategies that are important for achieving competitive advantages. It is through university education, as well as a product of being exposed to diverse and unique educational professionals, one learns to think abstractly and consider both life and career from multiple perspectives rather than being too conventional. My father, a person who I greatly admire, is a skilled and experienced business professional. I remember many evenings, whilst discussing his workday around a hearty family meal, where he had grown frustrated and, seemingly, a bit aggravated at the lack of ingenuity and resourcefulness from the people of which he was charged to manage and lead. My father rather regularly defended that these weaknesses were oppressive for the business in achieving its main goals and as a result it was quite difficult to introduce vital changes that served to make the business more successful in what was a very competitive and adaptable market environment. My primary understanding of real-world

The future of helthcare depends on the role of nurses Research Paper

The future of helthcare depends on the role of nurses - Research Paper Example The United Nation targets to have a transformed health system by 2015. Nurses contribute to the emotional, psychological, physical, and social being of people seeking medical attention and the society. Strategies in the health sector run in hierarchy from the policy makers, to the practitioners and then to the public. Nurses and midwives are the last practitioners in the hierarchy and next to the patients. This position makes their role very critical. Whether health care will improve in society is dependent on the responsibility of all individuals in the hierarchy. However, nurses and midwives, being the majority and considering their position in the hierarchy, are the main determinants of the effects of change felt on the ground (Ogilvie and Sare, 2010). An analysis of the contribution of nurses to the future of health care is necessary. According to the global development goals set for achievement by 2015, there is a target to reduce child mortality, which is rampant in some region s of the world. Many of the strategies in place touch on the responsibility of nurses in provision of primary health care. The UN summit stipulated that the cause of most of these deaths was malaria, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The public needs education on how to handle these key causes of death of children under then age of five. In the hospital setting, the nurses play the most crucial role in prevention of child mortality (Barclay, 2010). Nurses offering pediatric care should be more aware and offer relevant advice to mothers on proper nutrition and basic hygiene. Nurses also partake in the distribution of nets in the prevention of malaria and offer advice on frequent treatment of the nets to the public (Sines, Saunders, and Janice, 2009). Without the efficiency of nurses, it is difficult to achieve this millennium goal. In order to achieve the development goal of ensuring maternal health care in all societies, it is the responsibility of nurses and midwives to provide the prima ry care to ensure that mothers no longer die from hemorrhage, infection, obstructed labor, and hypertensive pregnancies. Nurses specializing in midwifery are of key contribution to promoting maternal health. It is essential to ensure that they are qualified and are competitive for improved maternal health to become a reality. Nurses should provide quality prenatal and postnatal care comprehensively in the societies they are working in realizing that their roles are very important (Ball, 2000). HIV effects have increased in the recent past. This increase has forced leaders in the health sector to work tirelessly to reduce cases of new infections. Further, they aim at maximizing the care of people living with HIV to lengthen their lives. There are several fields in addressing the HIV epidemic. The first is prevention of the disease, which involves educating the public on modes of transmission and potential strategies in prevention. This is a responsibility of nurses assigned to volunt ary counseling and testing centers. In addition, nurses are involved in the testing process and the crucial responsibility of post testing counseling. Scholars denote that nurses go a mile further to motivate and encourage HIV patients for them to undergo behavioral and attitude change. They also administer advanced care to patients who are in the final stages of the disease. Additionally, nurses do not relent as they advise relatives of patients on home based care to HIV patients.

India’s Trade in 2020 Essay Example for Free

India’s Trade in 2020 Essay Introduction Indias trade has generally grown at a faster rate compared to the growth of GDP over the past two decades. With the liberalization since 1991 in particular, the importance of international trade in India’s economy has grown considerably. As a result the ratio of international trade to GDP has gone up from 14 per cent in 1980 to nearly 20 per cent towards the end of the decade of 1990s. Given the trends of globalization and liberalization, the openness of Indian economy is expected to grow further in the coming two decades. The more exact magnitude of Indias trade in 2020 and its proportion to Indias national income would be determined by a variety of factors. Many of these factors are in the nature of external shocks and are beyond the control of national policy making. One illustration is the recent surge in the crude oil prices in the international market to unprecedented levels that have impacted the country’s imports in a significant manner. In addition, the implementation of various WTO agreements are likely to affect the Indias trade. Indias trade is also likely to be affected by various bilateral/ regional preferential trade arrangements that have been concluded and those that might take shape in the coming years. This paper attempts to provide a mapping of different factors that are likely to shape the patterns and magnitudes of Indias imports and exports over the coming two decades. These factors are classified into three, namely: 1) factors affecting the demand for Indias exports of goods and services; 2) factors affecting the supply of Indias exports of goods and services; and 3) factors affecting the demand for Indias imports. The supply of imports may be assumed to be elastic and hence is not discussed. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 1 maps out various factors affecting demand for India’s exports, Section 2, factors affecting supply of India’s exports. Section 3 lists the factors that are likely to affect demand for India’s imports. Section 4 briefly summarizes emerging patterns of India’s comparative advantage in exports of good and services. Section 5 makes some concluding remarks. 1.Factors Affecting the Demand for Exports There is a multitude of factors that are likely to affect the demand for Indias exports of goods and services as seen below. 3 Growth Performance of World Economy and Key Trading Regions The growth rates of the world economy and world trade do influence the overall demand for Indias exports. For instance, the rates of stagnation in the growth rate of world trade in the period since 1996 have affected the growth of Indias exports. Some broad correspondence between the growth rates of world trade and Indian exports is evident from Figure 1. Depending upon the intensities of Indias trade relations the growth prospects in these specific regions may also affect the demand for Indias exports. The regions which may be particularly important for Indias exports include North America, the European Union, Middle East, East and Southeast Asia and South Asia. Therefore, it will be important to watch the growth outlook and projections for these regions. Figure 1: Growth Rates of World Trade and Indias Exports Over the 1990s Source: RIS on the basis of WEO Database of the IMF 1.1.1. World Output and Trade at the Turn of the Century and the Outlook The world economy in 2000 seems to have fully recovered from the slow down of 1998-1999 on account of the East Asian crisis. The estimated world output growth of 4.8 percent in 2000 is highest since 1988 and of world trade at 12.4 percent is highest of the past 25 years (Table 1, Figure 1). The impressive recovery of the world economy and world trade in the early part of 2000 generated optimism all around as countries expected to benefit from favourable spillovers in the form of rise in demand for their exports. However, the optimism has proved to be short lived. It has been partly tarnished somewhat by the crude oil prices hitting the roof in the third quarter of 2000 and adversely affecting the outlook of many regions besides raising the threats of inflation in different parts of the world. Furthermore and more importantly, the emerging trends confirm that a trend of slow down was set in the US economy in the third quarter of the 2000. Hence, fears of a hard landing of the US economy in 2001 have continued to grow. A scenario of hard landing of the US economy in 2001 is thus likely to short-circuit the rebound of the world economy of 1999-2000, even though the major European Union economies are improving their performance. The Japanese economy continues to remain sluggish. The slow down of the US economy has a compounded effect on the growth of the world economy by adversely affecting the demand for the products of partner countries as well. As a result the growth rate of world output is likely to slow down in 2001 from the levels reached in 2000 to 3.2. The world economy is expected to pick up moderately to 3.9 per cent in 2002. The effect of the impending slow down is more severe on the growth rate of world trade which is likely to reduce by nearly half from the rate achieved in 2000 to around 6.5 per cent in 2001 and 2001. In the light of recent trends, the outlook for the world economy and trade growth over the next ten years could be taken at 3 and 6 per cent respectively. *Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. #ASEAN-4. Source: RIS based on World Bank (2001), IMF (2001). 1. WTO Agreements Since the implementation of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round in 1995, the WTO Agreements have become important factors in determining the patterns of world trade. Their full impact is not yet obvious as many provisions of these agreements are yet to be implemented because of the transition period provided. Most of the remaining provisions of the WTO agreements would be implemented in the coming five years. Therefore, the patterns of trade in 2020 would have to be speculated keeping in mind the impact of full implementation of the WTO agreements. Some of the agreements which are likely to affect Indias exports are the following. 1. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) proposes to phase out the MFA quotas imposed by the developed countries on the imports of textiles and clothing from developing countries over a period of 10 years ending on 31st December 2004. Given the fact that India has substantially fulfilled her quota for the products coming under MFA, it may appear that the phasing out of these quotas would help in the expansion of exports. However, the impact of the phase out is likely to be a mixed bag. This is because with MFA phase out, Indian exporters would be competing directly with other exporters of textiles and garments such as China, Korea, Taiwan, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, Mexico, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macau, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, among others. Therefore, while ATC provides an opportunity to Indian exporters to expand their exports of textiles and garments by removing the quota restrictions, it also poses a challenge of increased international competition. Some of them will enjoy preferential access to the importing countries due to their least developed country (LDC) status such as Bangladesh. There are apprehensions on the full benefits of phase out being available to developing countries. As such the schedule of the phase-out has been back-loaded over a ten-year long phase-out period. The industrialized countries may use other protectionist measures such as anti-dumping to prevent market access after the phase-out of quotas. A large number of textiles and clothing products already face tariffs in the range of 15 to 30 per cent in the Quad countries (World Bank, 2000). Some attempts of restricting them with anti-dumping duties have already been made against these exports including those from India. Another factor that will affect the competitiveness of Indian exports of textiles and garments in the post-MFA regime is the availability of trade preferences to emerging competitors of India. For instance, Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Cyprus and Malta and Central and Eastern European countries enjoy free trade agreement with the European Union ahead of their full membership. The Caribbean countries enjoy a similar preferential access to the United States market under the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). Mexico enjoys a privileged access to the North American Market as a member of NAFTA. These trade preferences have already resulted into diversion of trade in textiles and clothing to these countries. For instance, Mexican exports of clothing to the United States have grown at the rate of 27 and 15 percent in 1998 and 1999, respectively with the growth rate of exports to Canada in these years being 30 percent and 26 percent, respectively. Similarly, exports of clothing from Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Turkey to the European Union in 1998 have grown at 26 percent, 14 percent, 11 percent, 23 percent and 11 percent, respectively (WTO, 2000). The ability of Indian exporters to take advantage of phase out the MFA quotas by 2004 will depend upon a number of factors such as their ability to enhance overall international competitiveness with productivity and efficiency improvements, quality control, ability to quickly come up with new designs, ability to respond to changes in consumer preferences rapidly and the ability to move up the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution to more than outweigh the advantages of her competitors. The reservation of the garment industry for small-scale sector has affected capital investment, modernization and automation in the sector in the country. Although the small sector operation has imparted flexibility, it has prevented exploitation of economies of scale and scope by the Indian industry. The new Textiles Policy takes care of some of the concerns. It remains to be seen if the Indian industry will be able to exploit the opportunities provided by the incr eased market access with the MFA phase-out. 2. Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): The AoA proposes to liberalize the international trade in agriculture by restricting the agricultural subsidies provided by governments to the farmers, reduction in export subsidies in agriculture, removal of QRs and establishment of tariff rate quotas applicable to trade in agricultural commodities. In general India’s obligations under AoA are limited given the low level of agricultural subsidies compared to EU and the US. It is believed that implementation of the AoA commitments by industrialized countries will benefit countries like India in terms of market access for some agricultural commodities. However, the implementation of the commitments on the part of industrialized countries so far does not provide any room for optimism. The extent of subsidies given by industrialized countries have actually increased over the past few years as acknowledged by OECD reports. It is possible that in the coming years the provisions of the Agreement are implemented in the letter and spi rit. The likely effect of the full implementation on India’s trade is difficult to be speculated. However, one can have an idea about the likely scenario from efficiency indicators and incentive structure. Given lower than world prices of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, chickpea and cotton in India, their exports may expand under the liberalised trade in agriculture. Hence the area under cultivation for these crops may increase since profitability and effective incentives will get tilted in favour of these crops. The same is true for pearl millet, pigeonpea and soyabean. However, production of oilseeds e.g. groundnut, rapeseed, mustard and sunflower, and pulses may be adversely affected in a free-trade scenario given the lower world prices. Thus, the import dependence in edible oils and pulses may increase. 3. Anti-dumping Regulations The Indian exports of a number of commodities have been subjected to anti-dumping regulations by some of our important trading partners such as the United States and the European Union. The onslaught of the anti-dumping measures on Indian exports is likely to increase in future with the growing competitiveness of Indian products. In order to minimize their disruptive effect of these regulations on Indias exports, the industry and government will have to strengthen the machinery to counter such actions (Panchamukhi, 2000). 1.2.4. Tariff Negotiations and New Trade Round Although the average tariff rates in the industrialized countries are low, they have high peak tariffs for certain products, some of which are of export interest to India such as textiles and garments, and agricultural commodities (see Table 3). Market access for these products could be facilitated by our ability to secure reduction in these tariffs in the industrialized countries through future tariff negotiations in the WTO framework. N.B. HS Chapters are given in parentheses. Source: RIS based on UNCTAD/WTO (2000) The Post-Uruguay Round Tariff Environment For Developing Country Exports: Tariff Peaks and Tariff Escalation, UNCTAD, Geneva (TD/B/COM.1/14/Rev.1; 28 January 2000) 1.2.5.Trade Preferences for the Least Developed Countries One emerging development in the WTO system has been the tendency to divide the developing countries with the offer of special trade preferences for the least developed countries. A sizeable proportion of Indias exports still comprise labour and resource intensive goods that are also exported by some of the least developed countries. If successful these preferences have the prospects of diverting trade from India to the least developed countries. The potential of these trade preferences for adversely affecting India’s exports needs to be kept in mind. 2. Chinas Accession to WTO One of the important events of the coming years for the world trade may be the entry of China into the WTO regime. China signed an agreement with the US for its entry into the WTO in November 1999. It has subsequently been negotiating such agreements with other WTO members. The accession of China to the WTO and hence the MFN status that it will receive from other WTO countries may have some implications for the competitiveness of Indias exports. This is because India and China compete in the international market for a number of labour intensive and matured technology goods such as textiles and garments, leather goods, light engineering products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, among others. China has already been giving tough competition to Indian exports in many commodities and markets. There is a view that the accession to WTO may further strengthen China’s competitiveness and hence may affect the Indian exports adversely. There is another view that the accession of China to WTO would force it to follow WTO norms and procedures, etc. and will bring their trade policy under international surveillance. State subsidies will be regulated and hence it will make it more difficult for the Chinese exporters to dump their products in the world market. The exact impact of the accession of China to the WTO on the Indias export prospects will depend upon these counteracting effects. It is important to analyze the effects of Chinese accession to WTO on the competitiveness of Indian exports. 1.4. Preferential Trade Arrangements/Free Trade Arrangements in Rest of the World The last decade and a half has seen the proliferation of regional trading arrangements in different parts of the world. The major trading blocks that have emerged over the years include the European Union, NAFTA, Mercosur, AFTA, COMESA, among others. Besides, these free trade and common market agreements, a number of other countries have become integrated with the trading blocks through a variety of preferential or free trade arrangements. For instance, European Union has extended free trade agreement treatment to a number of Central Eastern European Union and Mediterranean countries in anticipation of full membership to these countries in the EU. These arrangements could also act to divert trade away from India especially in the labour intensive goods, as indicated earlier in the case of textiles and clothing. 1.5.Regional/Bilateral Free Trade Arrangements India has taken several steps to liberalize trade with her trading partners in the South Asia region on regional as well as bilateral basis. These steps include participation to SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangements (SAPTA) that came into being in December 1995. Under this Agreement, India has exchanged trade concessions with the SAARC member countries for nearly 3000 commodities in the first three rounds of negotiations. The fourth round of these negotiations is in the process. It is expected that the process of trade liberalization in the framework of SAARC will culminate into a South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), although, it may take some time to take shape given the current impasse in the SAARC process. Besides SAPTA, India has recently signed a bilateral free trade agreement with Sri Lanka. India already has bilateral free trade agreement with Nepal and Bhutan. A bilateral free trade agreement is being contemplated with Bangladesh as well. There are other attempts of regional/sub-regional economic integration which may also come into being in the coming decade, for instance, BIMST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation) which has been formed recently may adopt a preferential trading arrangement between the member countries. Although India is also a founder member of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), a preferential trading arrangement is not contemplated as the Association has adopted the concept of open regionalism on the lines of APEC. All these attempts at free trade with the regional partners may open the markets for Indian goods further in the countries concerned. It is evident that the share of South Asian countries in Indias exports has increased from 2.73 to 4.9 over the period 1990 to 1999. The recent initiatives in regional/ bilateral trade liberalization may help to divert some trade of the countries concerned from their other trading partners in favour of India given the supply capabilities. 2. Factors Affecting the Supply of Exports It is widely believed that the major factors constraining India’s exports lie not in the lack of demand but more in the supply side constraints. Most of the supply side factors need to be addressed as a part of the policy towards trade. Some of the factors that constrain the volume and composition of Indias exports are as follows: 1. Infrastructural Bottlenecks It is widely accepted that Indias export potential remains considerably unfulfilled because of infrastructure bottlenecks such as power shortages, port handling facilities, delays in transportation which in turn are due to poor transport links within the country and poor communication facilities. The inability of Indian exporters in meeting supply schedules costs dearly in terms of image of India as a reliable source of supply. Not only that the availability of the infrastructure services is inadequate but the efficiency and quality of the delivery of what is available is highly uneven. The ability of the government in removing these constraints in the coming years will also determine the supply side of Indian exports. 2. Growth of Domestic Demand A rapid growth of domestic demand may also affect Indias ability to export at least in certain products, for instance, in tea where the rapid growth of domestic demand is expected to reduce the export surplus in the coming years. It may also apply to a number of other agricultural commodities such as rice, cotton, among others. 2.3 Inflows of Export-oriented Foreign Direct Investment Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played an important role in the rapid growth of manufactured exports from the East and South-East Asian countries. This is because the South East and East Asian countries were able to attract export platform investments from US and Japanese MNEs in the 1970s and 1980s. The export platform or export-oriented investment arises in the process of relocation of production by MNEs abroad in order to maintain their international competitiveness in the face of rising wages and other costs in their home countries. In Malaysia and Indonesia, for instance, 70 percent of the projects involving FDI have been export-oriented. In China, the share of foreign owned firms in exports has risen from 5 percent in 1988 to 40 percent by 1997. In contrast, the share of foreign affiliates in Indias exports is marginal at 5 to 7 percent (Kumar and Siddharthan, 1997, for a review of evidence from different countries). Therefore, India has not been able to exploit the potential of MNEs for export-oriented production. MNEs can play an important role in promotion of Indias manufacture exports with relocation of export platform production in the country with their access to global marketing networks, best practice technology and organizational know-how. To some extent, therefore, Indias ability to attract export-oriented FDI will determine the magnitude of Indias exports in 2020. The studies have shown that export-oriented FDI inflows are of special type and are determined by different factors than other types of FDI (Kumar, 1994). The studies also find differences in the nature and determinants of export platform investments that are geared to MNEs home markets and those targeting the third countries (Kumar, 1998). India may make an effort to target the export platform investments of both types by sharpening her bundle of resource endowments and created assets in the light of determinants identified by these studies. 5. Technological Upgrading and Movement along with the Value Chain The Indian export structure has been highly dominated by simple and un-differentiated products where the main competitive advantage lies in cheap labour, low levels of skills and simple technologies compared to that of China and South East Asian countries except for recent growth of pharmaceuticals and software services (Lall, 1999). Not only these products are slow moving, the export structure is highly vulnerable to competition. Indias competitiveness has also been adversely affected by the failure to diversify the commodity composition of our exports. In fact the commodity concentration of Indias exports has increased with a 9 percent rise in the share of top six groups of exports in total and exports between 1987-1988 to 1998-99 (Kumar, 2000a). In comparison to India, Southeast and East Asian countries have rapidly diversified their export structure in favour of technologically advanced goods. For instance, share of technologically advanced goods (differentiated and science based goods) in India’s manufactured exports rose marginally to about 8 per cent by the mid-1990s over 5.6 per cent in the mid-1970s; in China, this proportion increased from 8.8 per cent to 23 per cent over the 1987-95 period, and for Malaysia from 12 per cent to 57 per cent over the 1980 to 1995 (Pigato et al. 1997). The markets for low technology undifferentiated goods are highly price competitive and margins are kept under pressure by constant competition by entry of new low wage countries.